Ural River

The Ural (Russian: Урал, pronounced [uˈrɑɫ]) or Jayıq/Zhayyq (Kazakh: Жайық, pronounced [ʒɑjə́q]), known as Yaik (Russian: Яик) before 1775, is a river flowing through Russia and Kazakhstan. It arises in the southern Ural Mountains and ends at the Caspian Sea. Its total length is 1,511 mi (2,428 km) making it the third longest river in Europe after the Volga and the Danube. Along with the Volga, the Ural River is one of the major rivers feeding the Caspian Sea.

The Ural River arises on the eastern side of the Ural Mountains, flows south parallel and west of the north-flowing Tobol River, through Magnitogorsk, and around the southern end of the Urals, through Orsk where it turns west for about 300 km, to Orenburg, when the Sakmara River joins. From Orenburg it continues west, passing into Kazakhstan, then turning south again at Oral, and meandering through a broad flat plain until it reaches the Caspian a few miles below Atyrau, where it forms a fine digitate delta at ().^[1]

Geography

The river begins at the slopes of the Kruglaya Mountain^[2] of the Uraltau mountain ridge in South Ural, on the territory of the Uchalinsky District of Bashkortostan. There it has an average width of 60–80 m and flows as a typical mountain river. It then falls into the Yaik Swamp and after exiting it widens up to 5 km. Below Verkhneuralsk, its flow is characteristic of a flatland river; there it enters Chelyabinsk and Orenburg Oblasts. From Magnitogorsk to Orsk its banks are steep and rocky and the bottom has many rifts. After Orsk, the river abruptly turns west and flows through a 45 km long canyon in the Guberlinsk Mountains. After Uralsk, it flows from north to south, on the territory of West Kazakhstan Province and Atyrau Province of Kazakhstan. There, the river widens and has many lakes and ducts. Near the mouth, it splits into the Yaik and Zolotoy distributaries^[3][4] and forms vast wetlands. The Yaik distributary is shallow, with almost no trees on the shores, and is rich in fish; whereas Zolotoy is deeper and is navigable.^[5] Ural River has a spectacular tree-like (or “digitate”) shape of the delta (see image). This type of delta forms naturally in the slow rivers which bring much sediments and flow into a quiet sea.^[1] In the delta, 13.5 km from the mouth of the Zolotoy distributary lies Shalyga Island having the length of 2.5 km, heights of 1–2 and maximum widths of 0.3 km.^[6]

The tributaries, in order going upstream are Kushum, Derkul, Chagan, Irtek, Utva, Ilek (major, left), Bolshaya Chobda, Kindel, Sakmara (major, right), Salmys, Or (major, left) and Suunduk.^[4]

Arguably, Ural River locates at the Europe-Asia border only in its very upper part, near Verkhneuralsk and Magnitogorsk (some authors take the boundary all along the river). The rest of the river flows in Europe, and the border in Kazakhstan runs not along the Ural River, but along the Mugodzhar Hills and Emba River.^[7][8] This fact was important in accepting the Kazakhstan national football team to the European UEFA league in 2002.^[9][10]

Hydrography

The river is mostly fed by melting snow (60–70%); the contribution of precipitation is relatively minor.^[11] Most of its annual discharge (65%) occurs during the spring floods, which occur in March–April near the mouth and in late April–June upstream; 30% drain during the summer-autumn and 5% in winter. During the floods, the river widens to above 10 km near Uralsk and to several tens kilometers near the mouth. Water level is highest in later April upstream and in May downstream. Its fluctuation is 3–4 m in the upper stream, 9–10 m in the middle of the river and about 3 m in the delta. The average water consumption is 104 m³/s near Orenburg, 400 m³/s at the Kushum village (76.5 km from the mouth); maximum consumption is 14,000 m³/s and the lowest is 1.62 m³/s. Average turbidity is 280 g/m³ at Orenburg and 290 g/m³ near Kushum 290. The river freezes at the source in early November and in the middle and lower reaches in late November. It opens in the lower reaches in late March and in early April in the upper reaches. The ice drift is relatively short.^[2][3][4]

The average depth is 1–1.5 m near the source, it increases in the middle reaches and especially near the mouth. The density of underwater vegetation also increases from the south to the mouth, so as the richness of the fauna. The bottom in the upper stream is rocky, with pebble and sand; it changes to silt-sand and occasionally clay downstream. The basin is asymmetrical – its left side from the river is 2.1 times larger in area than the right side; however, the right side is more important for feeding the river. The density of the tributaries is 0.29 km/km² in the right and 0.19 km/km² in the left side of the basin. The right-side tributaries are typical mountain rivers whereas the left-side tributaries have flatland character. About 200 km from the mouth there is a dangerous spot for shipping called Kruglovskaya prorva (Russian: Кругловская прорва meaning Kruglovsk abyss). Here the river narrows and creates a strong vortex over a deep pit. The climate is continental with frequent and strong winds. Typical annual precipitation is 530 mm.^[5][11]

Fauna

The wetlands at and near the delta of the Ural River are especially important to migrating birds as an important stop-over along the Asian flyway.^[1] They host many endemic and endangered species, such as Great White Pelican, Dalmatian Pelican, Pygmy Cormorant, Cattle Egret, Little Egret, Greater Flamingo, White-headed Duck, Ferruginous Duck, Eurasian Spoonbill, Glossy Ibis, Houbara Bustard, Great Black-headed Gull, Slender-billed Gull, Squacco Heron, Common Crane, Demoiselle Crane, Slender-billed Curlew, Black Stork, Red-breasted Goose, Lesser White-fronted Goose, Lesser Kestrel, Whooper Swan, Tundra Swan, Osprey, Pallid Harrier, Short-toed Eagle and many others. The Pygmy Cormorant was observed sporadically before 1999 and more regularly after that. Cattle Egret is observed since 1990 between April and September (as most other migratory birds in this area), with the total population of several dozen couples. It feeds on frogs, mollusks and small fish.^[12] Upstream, there are more of the stationary bird species, such as grouse, wild pigeon and partridge.^[5]

Ural River is also important for many fish species of the Caspian Sea which visit its delta and migrate upstream for spawning. In the lower reaches of the river there are 47 species from 13 families. The family Cyprinidae account for 40%, sturgeon and herring make up 11%, perch and herring 9% and salmon 4.4%. The main commercial species are sturgeon, roach, bream, carp, perch, carp, asp catfish. The rare species include Caspian salmon, sterlet, white salmon and kutum.

In the delta of the river and nearby regions live about 48 animal species belonging to 7 orders; most common are rodents (21 species) and predators (12). Among them, Bobrinski's Serotine and Marbled Polecat are endemic. Key species are Raccoon Dog, muskrat (appeared recently), European Hare, house mouse, brown rat, wild boar. Wild boars had a density of 1.2–2.5 per hectare in 2000 and are hunted commercially. Others include elk, fox, wolf, Dwarf Fat-tailed Jerboa, Great Gerbil, Northern Mole Vole and Saiga Antelope.^[5][12]

The reptiles are represented by bog turtles, common water snakes, rat snakes and Sand Lizard. Bog turtles are found in all waters. Common water snakes live on the banks of canals. Rat snakes and Sand Lizard are few and inhabit relatively high areas of land. Two more reptiles, Caspian whipsnake and Coluber spinalis, are extremely rare. Among amphibians common are lake frog and green frog.^[12]

With estimated 5–10 thousand species, insects exceed all other animals of the region by diversity and biomass. Terrestrial and aquatic insects make up a significant proportion of the diet of birds. Many species are parasitic on birds and transmit infection. Other dominating inhabitants of the river are protozoa, rotifers, Cladocera and copepods. Mollusks are mostly represented by gastropods and bivalves.^[12]

Industry

Water from the upper reaches of the Ural River is used to supply the prominent Magnitogorsk (Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, built in the early 1930s) and Orsk-Khalilovsk metallurgical plants, and the low reaches are used for irrigation. Two reservoirs were created near Magnitogorsk, and there is a hydroelectric plant near the village of Iriklinskaya with the corresponding reservoir. Below Uralsk, there is another reservoir and the Kushumsky channel. The river is navigated up to Uralsk and there is a port in Atyrau.^[2][13] Fishery is well developed; the commercial fish species include sturgeon, perch, herring, bream, carp and catfish.^[4] The delta of Ural River accounts for about half of the fish catchment in Kazakhstan.^[12] Also widespread is agriculture, especially growth of melons and watermelons. The city of Atyrau is a major oil producing center of Kazakhstan.^[5]

Etymology

Until 1775, the river was called Yaik and was labeled as Jajykon on the map by Ptolemy from the 2nd century AD.^[14] This name has a Turks origin and is currently official in Kazakhstan and in the Bashkir language. In the later European texts it is sometimes mentioned as Rhymnus fluvius^[15] and in the Russian chronicle of 1140 as Yaik.^[16] The river was renamed in Russian language in 1775, as a result of the motion from Catherine II of Russia – its name remained unchanged in the Bashkir and Kazakh languages.

History

In the 10–16th centuries, the city of Saray-Jük (or Saraichik, meaning "small Sarai") on the Ural River (now in Atyrau Province of Kazakhstan) was an important trade center on the Silk Road. In 13th century, it became a stronghold of the Golden Horde. It was destroyed in 1395 by the army of Timur but then rebuilt to become the capital of Nogai Horde in the 15–16th centuries. It was finally reduced to a village in 1580 by the Ural Cossacks.^[5][17]

After the Russian conquest of Ural in the late 16th century, the shores of the Ural became home to the Yaik Cossacks. One of their main activities was fishing for the sturgeon and related fishes (including the true sturgeon, starry sturgeon, and beluga) in the Ural River and the Caspian. A great variety of fishing techniques existed, the most famous of them was bagrenye (Russian: багренье, from Russian: багор meaning pike pole): spearing hibernating sturgeons in their underwater lairs in December. A large number of Cossacks with pike poles were gathering on the shore and after a signal rushed on the ice, broke it with the pole, and speared and pulled the fish. Another fishing technique was constructing a weir, known as uchug (учуг) across the river, to catch fish going upstream to spawn. Until 1918, an Uchug was set up in summer and autumn near Uralsk so that the fish did not go upstream beyond the Cossacks land. While the uchug weirs were also known in the Volga Delta, the bagrenye was thought to be a uniquely Ural technique.^[18][19]

The Ural Cossacks (known initially as the Yaik Cossacks) resented the attempts by the central government to impose rules and regulations on them, and on occasions rose in rebellions. The largest rebellion, the Pugachev's Rebellion of 1773–1775, involved not only Ural, but also the surrounding regions and resulted in a loss of the government control there. After its suppression, Empress Catherine issued a decree of 15 January 1775 to rename most of the places involved in the revolt, in order to erase its memories. So Yaik River and other places named Yaik were renamed to Ural and Yaik Cossacks became Ural Cossacks.^[20]

.. для совершенного забвения сего на Яике последовавшего несчастного происшествия,

реку Яик, по которой, как оное войско, так и город его название свое доныне имели, по причине той, что оная река проистекает из Уральских гор, переименовать Уралом, а потому и войско наименовать Уральским, и впредь яицким не называть, равно и Яицкому городу называться

отныне Уральск. (.. for the complete oblivion of this Yaik ensuing accident, the Yaik river, from which the army and the city its name until now had, because that aforesaid river derives from the Ural Mountains, is to be renamed to the Urals, and therefore the army to be named the Urals, and never called Yaik, and the Yaik city is to be called Uralsk.)

References

Bibliography

• Igor S. Zonn, Andrey Kostianoy, Aleksey N. Kosarev (2010). The Caspian Sea Encyclopedia. Springer. ISBN 3642115233. http://books.google.com/books?id=fvqYSoRvAI4C&pg=PA416.